线程中断机制
Java没有提供一种安全、直接的方法来停止某个线程,而是提供了中断机制。中断机制是一种协作机制,也就是说通过中断并不能直接终止另一个线程,而需要被中断的线程自己处理。
主要涉及内容:
- interrupt flag:中断标志位;
InterruptedException
:中断异常;interrupt()
:设置线程中断标志;interrupted()
:返回线程中断标志状态,并重置线程中断标志;isInterrupted()
:返回线程中断标志状态;
interrupt flag
java中,每一个线程都有一个中断标志位,表征了当前线程是否处于被中断状态,我们可以把这个标识位理解成一个boolean类型的变量,当我们中断一个线程时,将该标识位设为true,当我们清除中断状态时,将其设置为false。
在Thread
线程类里面,并没有类似中断标志位的属性,但是提供了获取中断标志位的方法:
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//该方法除了能够返回当前线程的中断状态,还能根据ClearInterrupted参数来决定要不要重置中断标志位
private native boolean isInterrupted(boolean ClearInterrupted);
isInterrupted()
isInterrupted()
调用了isInterrupted(false)
, ClearInterrupted
参数为false, 说明它仅仅返回线程实例的中断状态,但是不会对现有的中断状态做任何改变。
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public boolean isInterrupted() {
return isInterrupted(false);
}
interrupted()
interrupted
是一个静态方法,所以它可以由Thread类直接调用,自然就是作用于当前正在执行的线程,所以函数内部使用了currentThread()
方法,与isInterrupted()
方法不同的是,它的ClearInterrupted
参数为true,在返回线程中断状态的同时,重置了中断标识位。
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public static boolean interrupted() {
return currentThread().isInterrupted(true);
}
InterruptedException
线程中断异常源码如下:
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/**
* Thrown when a thread is waiting, sleeping, or otherwise occupied,
* and the thread is interrupted, either before or during the activity.
* Occasionally a method may wish to test whether the current
* thread has been interrupted, and if so, to immediately throw
* this exception. The following code can be used to achieve
* this effect:
* <pre>
* if (Thread.interrupted()) // Clears interrupted status!
* throw new InterruptedException();
* </pre>
*
* @author Frank Yellin
* @see java.lang.Object#wait()
* @see java.lang.Object#wait(long)
* @see java.lang.Object#wait(long, int)
* @see java.lang.Thread#sleep(long)
* @see java.lang.Thread#interrupt()
* @see java.lang.Thread#interrupted()
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public class InterruptedException extends Exception {}
Thread.sleep()
方法抛出中断异常:
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/**
* Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease
* execution) for the specified number of milliseconds, subject to
* the precision and accuracy of system timers and schedulers. The thread
* does not lose ownership of any monitors.
*
* @param millis
* the length of time to sleep in milliseconds
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if the value of {@code millis} is negative
*
* @throws InterruptedException
* if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
* cleared when this exception is thrown.
*/
public static native void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException;
如下情况会抛出线程中断异常:
wait()
wait(long)
wait(long timeout, int nanos)
sleep(long)
sleep(long millis, int nanos)
join()
join(long millis)
join(long millis, int nanos)
虽然这些方法会抛出InterruptedException
,但是并不会终止当前线程的执行,当前线程可以选择忽略这个异常。
也就是说,无论是设置interrupt status 还是抛出InterruptedException
,它们都是给当前线程的建议,当前线程可以选择采纳或者不采纳,它们并不会影响当前线程的执行。至于在收到这些中断的建议后,当前线程要怎么处理,也完全取决于当前线程。
interrupt()
Thread.interrupt()
源码:
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/**
* Interrupts this thread.
*
* <p> Unless the current thread is interrupting itself, which is
* always permitted, the {@link #checkAccess() checkAccess} method
* of this thread is invoked, which may cause a {@link
* SecurityException} to be thrown.
*
* <p> If this thread is blocked in an invocation of the {@link
* Object#wait() wait()}, {@link Object#wait(long) wait(long)}, or {@link
* Object#wait(long, int) wait(long, int)} methods of the {@link Object}
* class, or of the {@link #join()}, {@link #join(long)}, {@link
* #join(long, int)}, {@link #sleep(long)}, or {@link #sleep(long, int)},
* methods of this class, then its interrupt status will be cleared and it
* will receive an {@link InterruptedException}.
*
* <p> If this thread is blocked in an I/O operation upon an {@link
* java.nio.channels.InterruptibleChannel InterruptibleChannel}
* then the channel will be closed, the thread's interrupt
* status will be set, and the thread will receive a {@link
* java.nio.channels.ClosedByInterruptException}.
*
* <p> If this thread is blocked in a {@link java.nio.channels.Selector}
* then the thread's interrupt status will be set and it will return
* immediately from the selection operation, possibly with a non-zero
* value, just as if the selector's {@link
* java.nio.channels.Selector#wakeup wakeup} method were invoked.
*
* <p> If none of the previous conditions hold then this thread's interrupt
* status will be set. </p>
*
* <p> Interrupting a thread that is not alive need not have any effect.
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the current thread cannot modify this thread
*
* @revised 6.0
* @spec JSR-51
*/
public void interrupt() {
if (this != Thread.currentThread())
checkAccess();
synchronized (blockerLock) {
Interruptible b = blocker;
if (b != null) {
//设置中断标志
interrupt0(); // Just to set the interrupt flag
b.interrupt(this);
return;
}
}
interrupt0();
}
如果线程因为以下方法的调用而处于阻塞中,那么(调用了interrupt
方法之后),线程的中断标志会被清除,并且收到一个InterruptedException
:
- Object的方法
wait()
wait(long)
wait(long, int)
- Thread的方法
join()
join(long)
join(long, int)
sleep(long)
sleep(long, int)
- 如果线程没有因为上面的函数调用而进入阻塞状态的话,那么中断这个线程仅仅会设置它的中断标志位(而不会抛出
InterruptedException
) - 中断一个已经终止的线程不会有任何影响。
Thread.interrupt()所谓“中断一个线程”,其实并不是让一个线程停止运行,仅仅是将线程的中断标志设为true, 或者在某些特定情况下抛出一个InterruptedException,它并不会直接将一个线程停掉,在被中断的线程的角度看来,仅仅是自己的中断标志位被设为true了,或者自己所执行的代码中抛出了一个InterruptedException异常,仅此而已。
终止线程
如何安全的终止一个线程:
- 处于运行中的线程,通过不断地检查中断标志位来实现中断。
- 中断一个调用
wait
,sleep
,join
方法而进入阻塞状态的线程,则这些方法将会抛出InterruptedException
异常,使线程跳出阻塞状态,从而终止线程。1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
@Override public void run() { try { // 1. isInterrupted() 用于终止一个正在运行的线程。 while (!isInterrupted()) { // 执行任务... } } catch (InterruptedException ie) { // 2. InterruptedException异常用于终止一个处于阻塞状态的线程 } }
总结
中断机制的核心在于中断状态和InterruptedException异常。
中断状态:
- 设置一个中断状态:
Thread#interrupt()
- 返回线程原来的中断状态,并清除中断状态:
Thread#interrupted()
- 返回线程当前的中断状态而不清除:
Thread#isInterrupted()
中断异常:
- 中断异常一般是线程被中断后,在一些block类型的方法(如
wait
,sleep
,join
)中抛出。
Thread#interrupt()
中断线程的效果:
- 若被中断前,该线程处于非阻塞状态,那么该线程的中断状态被设为true, 除此之外,不会发生任何事。
- 若被中断前,该线程处于阻塞状态(调用了wait,sleep,join等方法),那么该线程将会立即从阻塞状态中退出,并抛出一个
InterruptedException
异常,同时,该线程的中断状态被设为false, 除此之外,不会发生任何事。
无论是中断状态的改变还是InterruptedException
被抛出,这些都是当前线程可以感知到的”建议”,如果当前线程选择忽略这些建议(例如简单地catch住异常继续执行),那么中断机制对于当前线程就没有任何影响,就好像什么也没有发生一样。